/*
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
This source file is part of OGRE
    (Object-oriented Graphics Rendering Engine)
For the latest info, see http://www.ogre3d.org/

Copyright (c) 2000-2006 Torus Knot Software Ltd
Also see acknowledgements in Readme.html

This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free Software
Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later
version.

This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.

You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License along with
this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple
Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA, or go to
http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/lesser.txt.

You may alternatively use this source under the terms of a specific version of
the OGRE Unrestricted License provided you have obtained such a license from
Torus Knot Software Ltd.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
*/
#ifndef __Vector3_H__
#define __Vector3_H__

#include "OgrePrerequisites.h"
#include "OgreMath.h"
#include "OgreQuaternion.h"

namespace Ogre
{

    /** Standard 3-dimensional vector.
        @remarks
            A direction in 3D space represented as distances along the 3
            orthoganal axes (x, y, z). Note that positions, directions and
            scaling factors can be represented by a vector, depending on how
            you interpret the values.
    */
    class _OgreExport Vector3
    {
    public:
        union {
            struct {
                Real x, y, z;
            };
            Real val[3];
        };

    public:
        inline Vector3()
        {
        }

        inline Vector3( const Real fX, const Real fY, const Real fZ )
            : x( fX ), y( fY ), z( fZ )
        {
        }

        inline explicit Vector3( const Real afCoordinate[3] )
            : x( afCoordinate[0] ),
              y( afCoordinate[1] ),
              z( afCoordinate[2] )
        {
        }

        inline explicit Vector3( const int afCoordinate[3] )
        {
            x = (Real)afCoordinate[0];
            y = (Real)afCoordinate[1];
            z = (Real)afCoordinate[2];
        }

        inline explicit Vector3( Real* const r )
            : x( r[0] ), y( r[1] ), z( r[2] )
        {
        }

        inline explicit Vector3( const Real scaler )
            : x( scaler )
            , y( scaler )
            , z( scaler )
        {
        }


        inline Vector3( const Vector3& rkVector )
            : x( rkVector.x ), y( rkVector.y ), z( rkVector.z )
        {
        }

		inline Real operator [] ( const size_t i ) const
        {
            assert( i < 3 );

            return *(&x+i);
        }

		inline Real& operator [] ( const size_t i )
        {
            assert( i < 3 );

            return *(&x+i);
        }

        /** Assigns the value of the other vector.
            @param
                rkVector The other vector
        */
        inline Vector3& operator = ( const Vector3& rkVector )
        {
            x = rkVector.x;
            y = rkVector.y;
            z = rkVector.z;

            return *this;
        }

        inline Vector3& operator = ( const Real fScaler )
        {
            x = fScaler;
            y = fScaler;
            z = fScaler;

            return *this;
        }

        inline bool operator == ( const Vector3& rkVector ) const
        {
            return ( x == rkVector.x && y == rkVector.y && z == rkVector.z );
        }

        inline bool operator != ( const Vector3& rkVector ) const
        {
            return ( x != rkVector.x || y != rkVector.y || z != rkVector.z );
        }

        // arithmetic operations
        inline Vector3 operator + ( const Vector3& rkVector ) const
        {
            return Vector3(
                x + rkVector.x,
                y + rkVector.y,
                z + rkVector.z);
        }

        inline Vector3 operator - ( const Vector3& rkVector ) const
        {
            return Vector3(
                x - rkVector.x,
                y - rkVector.y,
                z - rkVector.z);
        }

        inline Vector3 operator * ( const Real fScalar ) const
        {
            return Vector3(
                x * fScalar,
                y * fScalar,
                z * fScalar);
        }

        inline Vector3 operator * ( const Vector3& rhs) const
        {
            return Vector3(
                x * rhs.x,
                y * rhs.y,
                z * rhs.z);
        }

        inline Vector3 operator / ( const Real fScalar ) const
        {
            assert( fScalar != 0.0 );

            Real fInv = 1.0 / fScalar;

            return Vector3(
                x * fInv,
                y * fInv,
                z * fInv);
        }

        inline Vector3 operator / ( const Vector3& rhs) const
        {
            return Vector3(
                x / rhs.x,
                y / rhs.y,
                z / rhs.z);
        }

        inline const Vector3& operator + () const
        {
            return *this;
        }

        inline Vector3 operator - () const
        {
            return Vector3(-x, -y, -z);
        }

        // overloaded operators to help Vector3
        inline friend Vector3 operator * ( const Real fScalar, const Vector3& rkVector )
        {
            return Vector3(
                fScalar * rkVector.x,
                fScalar * rkVector.y,
                fScalar * rkVector.z);
        }

        inline friend Vector3 operator / ( const Real fScalar, const Vector3& rkVector )
        {
            return Vector3(
                fScalar / rkVector.x,
                fScalar / rkVector.y,
                fScalar / rkVector.z);
        }

        inline friend Vector3 operator + (const Vector3& lhs, const Real rhs)
        {
            return Vector3(
                lhs.x + rhs,
                lhs.y + rhs,
                lhs.z + rhs);
        }

        inline friend Vector3 operator + (const Real lhs, const Vector3& rhs)
        {
            return Vector3(
                lhs + rhs.x,
                lhs + rhs.y,
                lhs + rhs.z);
        }

        inline friend Vector3 operator - (const Vector3& lhs, const Real rhs)
        {
            return Vector3(
                lhs.x - rhs,
                lhs.y - rhs,
                lhs.z - rhs);
        }

        inline friend Vector3 operator - (const Real lhs, const Vector3& rhs)
        {
            return Vector3(
                lhs - rhs.x,
                lhs - rhs.y,
                lhs - rhs.z);
        }

        // arithmetic updates
        inline Vector3& operator += ( const Vector3& rkVector )
        {
            x += rkVector.x;
            y += rkVector.y;
            z += rkVector.z;

            return *this;
        }

        inline Vector3& operator += ( const Real fScalar )
        {
            x += fScalar;
            y += fScalar;
            z += fScalar;
            return *this;
        }

        inline Vector3& operator -= ( const Vector3& rkVector )
        {
            x -= rkVector.x;
            y -= rkVector.y;
            z -= rkVector.z;

            return *this;
        }

        inline Vector3& operator -= ( const Real fScalar )
        {
            x -= fScalar;
            y -= fScalar;
            z -= fScalar;
            return *this;
        }

        inline Vector3& operator *= ( const Real fScalar )
        {
            x *= fScalar;
            y *= fScalar;
            z *= fScalar;
            return *this;
        }

        inline Vector3& operator *= ( const Vector3& rkVector )
        {
            x *= rkVector.x;
            y *= rkVector.y;
            z *= rkVector.z;

            return *this;
        }

        inline Vector3& operator /= ( const Real fScalar )
        {
            assert( fScalar != 0.0 );

            Real fInv = 1.0 / fScalar;

            x *= fInv;
            y *= fInv;
            z *= fInv;

            return *this;
        }

        inline Vector3& operator /= ( const Vector3& rkVector )
        {
            x /= rkVector.x;
            y /= rkVector.y;
            z /= rkVector.z;

            return *this;
        }


        /** Returns the length (magnitude) of the vector.
            @warning
                This operation requires a square root and is expensive in
                terms of CPU operations. If you don't need to know the exact
                length (e.g. for just comparing lengths) use squaredLength()
                instead.
        */
        inline Real length () const
        {
            return Math::Sqrt( x * x + y * y + z * z );
        }

        /** Returns the square of the length(magnitude) of the vector.
            @remarks
                This  method is for efficiency - calculating the actual
                length of a vector requires a square root, which is expensive
                in terms of the operations required. This method returns the
                square of the length of the vector, i.e. the same as the
                length but before the square root is taken. Use this if you
                want to find the longest / shortest vector without incurring
                the square root.
        */
        inline Real squaredLength () const
        {
            return x * x + y * y + z * z;
        }

        /** Calculates the dot (scalar) product of this vector with another.
            @remarks
                The dot product can be used to calculate the angle between 2
                vectors. If both are unit vectors, the dot product is the
                cosine of the angle; otherwise the dot product must be
                divided by the product of the lengths of both vectors to get
                the cosine of the angle. This result can further be used to
                calculate the distance of a point from a plane.
            @param
                vec Vector with which to calculate the dot product (together
                with this one).
            @returns
                A float representing the dot product value.
        */
        inline Real dotProduct(const Vector3& vec) const
        {
            return x * vec.x + y * vec.y + z * vec.z;
        }

        /** Normalises the vector.
            @remarks
                This method normalises the vector such that it's
                length / magnitude is 1. The result is called a unit vector.
            @note
                This function will not crash for zero-sized vectors, but there
                will be no changes made to their components.
            @returns The previous length of the vector.
        */
        inline Real normalise()
        {
            Real fLength = Math::Sqrt( x * x + y * y + z * z );

            // Will also work for zero-sized vectors, but will change nothing
            if ( fLength > 1e-08 )
            {
                Real fInvLength = 1.0 / fLength;
                x *= fInvLength;
                y *= fInvLength;
                z *= fInvLength;
            }

            return fLength;
        }

        /** Calculates the cross-product of 2 vectors, i.e. the vector that
            lies perpendicular to them both.
            @remarks
                The cross-product is normally used to calculate the normal
                vector of a plane, by calculating the cross-product of 2
                non-equivalent vectors which lie on the plane (e.g. 2 edges
                of a triangle).
            @param
                vec Vector which, together with this one, will be used to
                calculate the cross-product.
            @returns
                A vector which is the result of the cross-product. This
                vector will <b>NOT</b> be normalised, to maximise efficiency
                - call Vector3::normalise on the result if you wish this to
                be done. As for which side the resultant vector will be on, the
                returned vector will be on the side from which the arc from 'this'
                to rkVector is anticlockwise, e.g. UNIT_Y.crossProduct(UNIT_Z)
                = UNIT_X, whilst UNIT_Z.crossProduct(UNIT_Y) = -UNIT_X.
				This is because OGRE uses a right-handed coordinate system.
            @par
                For a clearer explanation, look a the left and the bottom edges
                of your monitor's screen. Assume that the first vector is the
                left edge and the second vector is the bottom edge, both of
                them starting from the lower-left corner of the screen. The
                resulting vector is going to be perpendicular to both of them
                and will go <i>inside</i> the screen, towards the cathode tube
                (assuming you're using a CRT monitor, of course).
        */
        inline Vector3 crossProduct( const Vector3& rkVector ) const
        {
            return Vector3(
                y * rkVector.z - z * rkVector.y,
                z * rkVector.x - x * rkVector.z,
                x * rkVector.y - y * rkVector.x);
        }

        /** Returns a vector at a point half way between this and the passed
            in vector.
        */
        inline Vector3 midPoint( const Vector3& vec ) const
        {
            return Vector3(
                ( x + vec.x ) * 0.5,
                ( y + vec.y ) * 0.5,
                ( z + vec.z ) * 0.5 );
        }

        /** Returns true if the vector's scalar components are all greater
            that the ones of the vector it is compared against.
        */
        inline bool operator < ( const Vector3& rhs ) const
        {
            if( x < rhs.x && y < rhs.y && z < rhs.z )
                return true;
            return false;
        }

        /** Returns true if the vector's scalar components are all smaller
            that the ones of the vector it is compared against.
        */
        inline bool operator > ( const Vector3& rhs ) const
        {
            if( x > rhs.x && y > rhs.y && z > rhs.z )
                return true;
            return false;
        }

        /** Sets this vector's components to the minimum of its own and the
            ones of the passed in vector.
            @remarks
                'Minimum' in this case means the combination of the lowest
                value of x, y and z from both vectors. Lowest is taken just
                numerically, not magnitude, so -1 < 0.
        */
        inline void makeFloor( const Vector3& cmp )
        {
            if( cmp.x < x ) x = cmp.x;
            if( cmp.y < y ) y = cmp.y;
            if( cmp.z < z ) z = cmp.z;
        }

        /** Sets this vector's components to the maximum of its own and the
            ones of the passed in vector.
            @remarks
                'Maximum' in this case means the combination of the highest
                value of x, y and z from both vectors. Highest is taken just
                numerically, not magnitude, so 1 > -3.
        */
        inline void makeCeil( const Vector3& cmp )
        {
            if( cmp.x > x ) x = cmp.x;
            if( cmp.y > y ) y = cmp.y;
            if( cmp.z > z ) z = cmp.z;
        }

        /** Generates a vector perpendicular to this vector (eg an 'up' vector).
            @remarks
                This method will return a vector which is perpendicular to this
                vector. There are an infinite number of possibilities but this
                method will guarantee to generate one of them. If you need more
                control you should use the Quaternion class.
        */
        inline Vector3 perpendicular(void) const
        {
            static const Real fSquareZero = 1e-06 * 1e-06;

            Vector3 perp = this->crossProduct( Vector3::UNIT_X );

            // Check length
            if( perp.squaredLength() < fSquareZero )
            {
                /* This vector is the Y axis multiplied by a scalar, so we have
                   to use another axis.
                */
                perp = this->crossProduct( Vector3::UNIT_Y );
            }

            return perp;
        }
        /** Generates a new random vector which deviates from this vector by a
            given angle in a random direction.
            @remarks
                This method assumes that the random number generator has already
                been seeded appropriately.
            @param
                angle The angle at which to deviate
            @param
                up Any vector perpendicular to this one (which could generated
                by cross-product of this vector and any other non-colinear
                vector). If you choose not to provide this the function will
                derive one on it's own, however if you provide one yourself the
                function will be faster (this allows you to reuse up vectors if
                you call this method more than once)
            @returns
                A random vector which deviates from this vector by angle. This
                vector will not be normalised, normalise it if you wish
                afterwards.
        */
        inline Vector3 randomDeviant(
            const Radian& angle,
            const Vector3& up = Vector3::ZERO ) const
        {
            Vector3 newUp;

            if (up == Vector3::ZERO)
            {
                // Generate an up vector
                newUp = this->perpendicular();
            }
            else
            {
                newUp = up;
            }

            // Rotate up vector by random amount around this
            Quaternion q;
            q.FromAngleAxis( Radian(Math::UnitRandom() * Math::TWO_PI), *this );
            newUp = q * newUp;

            // Finally rotate this by given angle around randomised up
            q.FromAngleAxis( angle, newUp );
            return q * (*this);
        }
#ifndef OGRE_FORCE_ANGLE_TYPES
        inline Vector3 randomDeviant(
            Real angle,
            const Vector3& up = Vector3::ZERO ) const
        {
            return randomDeviant ( Radian(angle), up );
        }
#endif//OGRE_FORCE_ANGLE_TYPES

        /** Gets the shortest arc quaternion to rotate this vector to the destination
            vector.
        @remarks
            If you call this with a dest vector that is close to the inverse
            of this vector, we will rotate 180 degrees around the 'fallbackAxis'
			(if specified, or a generated axis if not) since in this case
			ANY axis of rotation is valid.
        */
        Quaternion getRotationTo(const Vector3& dest,
			const Vector3& fallbackAxis = Vector3::ZERO) const
        {
            // Based on Stan Melax's article in Game Programming Gems
            Quaternion q;
            // Copy, since cannot modify local
            Vector3 v0 = *this;
            Vector3 v1 = dest;
            v0.normalise();
            v1.normalise();

            Real d = v0.dotProduct(v1);
            // If dot == 1, vectors are the same
            if (d >= 1.0f)
            {
                return Quaternion::IDENTITY;
            }
            Real s = Math::Sqrt( (1+d)*2 );
			if (s < 1e-6f)
			{
				if (fallbackAxis != Vector3::ZERO)
				{
					// rotate 180 degrees about the fallback axis
					q.FromAngleAxis(Radian(Math::PI), fallbackAxis);
				}
				else
				{
					// Generate an axis
					Vector3 axis = Vector3::UNIT_X.crossProduct(*this);
					if (axis.isZeroLength()) // pick another if colinear
						axis = Vector3::UNIT_Y.crossProduct(*this);
					axis.normalise();
					q.FromAngleAxis(Radian(Math::PI), axis);
				}
			}
			else
			{
	            Real invs = 1 / s;

				Vector3 c = v0.crossProduct(v1);

    	        q.x = c.x * invs;
        	    q.y = c.y * invs;
            	q.z = c.z * invs;
            	q.w = s * 0.5;
				q.normalise();
			}
            return q;
        }

        /** Returns true if this vector is zero length. */
        inline bool isZeroLength(void) const
        {
            Real sqlen = (x * x) + (y * y) + (z * z);
            return (sqlen < (1e-06 * 1e-06));

        }

        /** As normalise, except that this vector is unaffected and the
            normalised vector is returned as a copy. */
        inline Vector3 normalisedCopy(void) const
        {
            Vector3 ret = *this;
            ret.normalise();
            return ret;
        }

        /** Calculates a reflection vector to the plane with the given normal .
        @remarks NB assumes 'this' is pointing AWAY FROM the plane, invert if it is not.
        */
        inline Vector3 reflect(const Vector3& normal) const
        {
            return Vector3( *this - ( 2 * this->dotProduct(normal) * normal ) );
        }

		/** Returns whether this vector is within a positional tolerance
			of another vector.
		@param rhs The vector to compare with
		@param tolerance The amount that each element of the vector may vary by
			and still be considered equal
		*/
		inline bool positionEquals(const Vector3& rhs, Real tolerance = 1e-03) const
		{
			return Math::RealEqual(x, rhs.x, tolerance) &&
				Math::RealEqual(y, rhs.y, tolerance) &&
				Math::RealEqual(z, rhs.z, tolerance);

		}
		/** Returns whether this vector is within a directional tolerance
			of another vector.
		@param rhs The vector to compare with
		@param tolerance The maximum angle by which the vectors may vary and
			still be considered equal
		@note Both vectors should be normalised.
		*/
		inline bool directionEquals(const Vector3& rhs,
			const Radian& tolerance) const
		{
			Real dot = dotProduct(rhs);
			Radian angle = Math::ACos(dot);

			return Math::Abs(angle.valueRadians()) <= tolerance.valueRadians();

		}

        // special points
        static const Vector3 ZERO;
        static const Vector3 UNIT_X;
        static const Vector3 UNIT_Y;
        static const Vector3 UNIT_Z;
        static const Vector3 NEGATIVE_UNIT_X;
        static const Vector3 NEGATIVE_UNIT_Y;
        static const Vector3 NEGATIVE_UNIT_Z;
        static const Vector3 UNIT_SCALE;

        /** Function for writing to a stream.
        */
        inline _OgreExport friend std::ostream& operator <<
            ( std::ostream& o, const Vector3& v )
        {
            o << "Vector3(" << v.x << ", " << v.y << ", " << v.z << ")";
            return o;
        }
    };

}
#endif
